Linux I/O Monitoring and Analyze

Lin­ux Serv­er

There is a cou­ple of tools avail­able that al­lows you to mon­i­tor and an­a­lyze the disk I/O per­for­mance of your Lin­ux dri­ven sys­tem. Here are list­ed few of them and al­so how to in­stall and ex­am­ples of their ba­sic us­age.

The htop com­mand

If a new­er ver­sion of htop is avail­able at your dis­tri­b­u­tion, there is avail­able an ad­di­tion­al tab that shows the I/O met­rics of the in­stance – Screen 1. Here is how to check the avail­able ver­sion and in­stall htop.

sudo apt show htop 2>/dev/null | grep '^Version'

sudo apt install htop

In­stall the lat­est ver­sion of htop 3.2.1–1 on Ubun­tu Serv­er 22.04.1 from a .deb pack­age.

cd /tmp
wget --no-check-certificate https://http.us.debian.org/debian/pool/main/h/htop/htop_3.2.1-1_amd64.deb
sudo apt install ./htop_3.2.1-1_amd64.deb

To be able to see all da­ta in most cas­es you need to run the tool as root:

sudo htop

The iostat com­mand

io­stat – Re­port Cen­tral Pro­cess­ing Unit (CPU) sta­tis­tics and input/​​​output sta­tis­tics for de­vices and par­ti­tions. The io­stat com­mand is used for mon­i­tor­ing sys­tem input/​​​output de­vice load­ing by ob­serv­ing the time the de­vices are ac­tive in re­la­tion to their av­er­age trans­fer rates…

The first re­port gen­er­at­ed by the io­stat com­mand pro­vides sta­tis­tics con­cern­ing the time since the sys­tem was boot­ed, un­less the -y op­tion is used. Each sub­se­quent re­port cov­ers the time since the pre­vi­ous re­port. All sta­tis­tics are re­port­ed each time the io­stat com­mand is run. The re­port con­sists of a CPU head­er row fol­lowed by a row of CPU sta­tis­tics. On mul­ti­proces­sor sys­tems, CPU sta­tis­tics are cal­cu­lat­ed sys­tem-wide as av­er­ages among all proces­sors. A de­vice head­er row is dis­played fol­lowed by a line of sta­tis­tics for each de­vice that is con­fig­ured…

Here is how to get the gen­er­al re­port in hu­man read­able for­mat.

iostat -h

Linux 5.18.0-kali5-amd64 (kali-x) 	08/31/2022 	_x86_64_	(24 CPU)

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
           0.4%    0.0%    0.2%    0.1%    0.0%   99.2%

      tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_dscd/s    kB_read    kB_wrtn    kB_dscd Device
    11.50       224.2k        20.9k         0.0k       1.2G     119.2M       0.0k dm-0
    10.90       221.8k        20.9k         0.0k       1.2G     119.2M       0.0k dm-1
    10.99       315.7k        56.2k         0.0k       1.8G     320.0M       0.0k nvme0n1
     0.06         1.6k         0.0k         0.0k       8.9M       0.0k       0.0k sda
     4.14        55.1k         0.0k         0.0k     313.8M     152.0k       0.0k sdb

Here is how to get re­port per de­vice, per 1 minute, with time­stamp in hu­man read­able for­mat. Note the first re­port pro­vides sta­tis­tics con­cern­ing the time since the sys­tem was boot­ed, the lat­er re­ports pro­vide sta­tis­tic per 60 sec­onds.

iostat -h /dev/nvme0n1 -d -t 60

Linux 5.18.0-kali5-amd64 (kali-x) 	08/31/2022 	_x86_64_	(24 CPU)

08/31/2022 05:39:22 PM
      tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_dscd/s    kB_read    kB_wrtn    kB_dscd Device
    10.45       297.5k        53.6k         0.0k       1.8G     324.5M       0.0k nvme0n1

08/31/2022 05:40:22 PM
      tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_dscd/s    kB_read    kB_wrtn    kB_dscd Device
     1.10         0.6k        10.2k         0.0k      36.0k     612.0k       0.0k nvme0n1

Here is how to get the same as the above sta­tis­tic but con­cerned to a LVM log­i­cal vol­ume.

iostat -h /dev/mapper/kali--x--vg-home -d -t 60

Linux 5.18.0-kali5-amd64 (kali-x) 	08/31/2022 	_x86_64_	(24 CPU)

08/31/2022 05:45:11 PM
      tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_dscd/s    kB_read    kB_wrtn    kB_dscd Device
     4.02        68.4k        19.7k         0.0k     437.2M     125.9M       0.0k dm-5

08/31/2022 05:46:11 PM
      tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_dscd/s    kB_read    kB_wrtn    kB_dscd Device
     0.30         0.0k         1.1k         0.0k       0.0k      68.0k       0.0k dm-5

Watch the changes in the full sta­tis­tics per half sec­ond. In the the fol­low­ing ex­am­ple:

• io­stat ‑y ‑h – sup­press the re­port since the boot time, hu­man read­able for­mat,
• io­stat 1 1 – [ in­ter­val [ count ] ] – one count per one sec­ond.
• watch ‑n 0.5 ‑d – re­fresh per 0.5 sec­onds, show the dif­fer­ence

watch -n 0.5 -d "iostat -h -y 1 1"

Dis­play ex­tend­ed sta­tis­tics for the whole sys­tem, in hu­man read­able for­mat, with time­stamp, per 6 sec­onds.

iostat -x -h -t 6

Dis­play ex­tend­ed sta­tis­tic in megabytes per sec­ond.

iostat -x -m

Linux 5.18.0-kali5-amd64 (kali-x) 	08/31/2022 	_x86_64_	(24 CPU)

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
           0.38    0.00    0.22    0.05    0.00   99.35

Device            r/s     rMB/s   rrqm/s  %rrqm r_await rareq-sz     w/s     wMB/s   wrqm/s  %wrqm w_await wareq-sz     d/s     dMB/s   drqm/s  %drqm d_await dareq-sz     f/s f_await  aqu-sz  %util
dm-0             1.92      0.06     0.00   0.00    1.11    30.14    4.16      0.02     0.00   0.00    2.80     3.87    0.00      0.00     0.00   0.00    0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00    0.01   0.25
dm-1             1.61      0.06     0.00   0.00    0.31    35.24    4.16      0.02     0.00   0.00    3.37     3.87    0.00      0.00     0.00   0.00    0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00    0.01   0.25
nvme0n1          5.63      0.63     1.13  16.68    1.57   114.49    3.06      0.79     3.71  54.79    9.28   263.79    0.00      0.00     0.00   0.00    0.00     0.00    0.23    0.71    0.04   1.25
sda              0.06      0.04     0.00   0.27    4.05   800.91    0.00      0.00     0.00   0.00    0.17     0.00    0.00      0.00     0.00   0.00    0.00     0.00    0.00    0.17    0.00   0.01
sdb              0.91      0.01     0.00   0.00    2.74    13.33    0.00      0.00     0.00  49.04    0.40     7.85    0.00      0.00     0.00   0.00    0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.24

The mean­ing of the fields is de­scribed in man io­stat/RE­PORTS.

The iotop com­mand

iotop – sim­ple top-like I/O mon­i­tor – watch­es  I/O us­age in­for­ma­tion avail­able in the Lin­ux ker­nel (re­quires 2.6.20 or lat­er) and dis­plays a ta­ble of cur­rent I/O us­age by process­es  or  threads  on  the  sys­tem.  At  least  the  CON­FIG­_­TASK­_­DELAY­_­ACCT,  CON­FIG­_­TASK­_­IO­_­ACCOU­NTING,  CON­FIG­_­TASK­STATS and CONFIG­_­VM­_­EVENT­_­COUN­TERS op­tions need to be en­abled in your Lin­ux ker­nel build con­fig­u­ra­tion…

Start­ing with Lin­ux ker­nel 5.14.x task­_​​​­delayacct is con­fig­urable at run­time and set to off by de­fault. This set­ting can be changed in in­ter­ac­tive mode by the Ctrl+T short­cut. In batch mode a warn­ing is print­ed when the set­ting is OFF. From the com­mand line this can be en­abled by: su­do sysctl kernel.task­_­delayacct=1, and dis­abled again by su­do sysctl kernel.task­_­delayacct=0. It is ad­vis­able to keep this op­tion off when not us­ing this or an­oth­er mon­i­tor­ing pro­gram be­cause when en­abled it has some ef­fect on sys­tem  per­for­mance.

On Screen 3, at the bot­tom im­age is shown the very ba­sic us­age of iotop with­out, and at the top im­age how the out­put looks like with the fol­low­ing op­tions (ref­er­ence):

• -a – will show ac­cu­mu­lat­ed out­put,
• -o – will on­ly out­put,
• -P – will on­ly show process­es in­stead of threads.

sudo iotop -aoP

sudo iotop

The dstat com­mand

dstat is a ver­sa­tile tool for gen­er­at­ing sys­tem re­source sta­tis­tics, it is a ver­sa­tile re­place­ment for vmstat, iostat and ifstat. Dstat is unique in let­ting you ag­gre­gate block de­vice through­put for a cer­tain diskset or net­work band­width for a group of in­ter­faces, ie. you can see the through­put for all the block de­vices that make up a sin­gle filesys­tem or stor­age sys­tem.

sudo apt install dstat

There is an un­count­able mul­ti­tude of op­tions and plu­g­ins avail­able for dstat. Here is one ex­am­ple of us­age – Screen 3 – where are ap­plied the fol­low­ing op­tions.

• -D sdc – adds col­umn that re­ports the I/O rate of /dev/sdc.
• -t, --time – en­able time/​​​date out­put.
• -a, --all – equals to -cdngy (-c cpu, -d disk; -n en­able net­work stats; -g en­able page stats; -y en­able sys­tem stats).
• --top-io – show most ex­pen­sive I/O process.
• --top-bio – show most ex­pen­sive block I/O process.
• --top-mem – show process us­ing the most mem­o­ry.

sudo dstat -D sda -ta --top-io --top-bio --top-mem

Here is an­oth­er ex­am­ple that will out­put the av­er­age I/O rate per minute.

dstat -tdD total 60

----system--------dsk/total--
     time      |  read  writ
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
29-08 08:40:13 | 1138M 1782M
29-08 08:41:13 |  234k  744k
29-08 08:42:13 |  293k  171k
29-08 08:43:13 |  268k  113k
29-08 08:44:13 | 1100k  129k

And one ex­am­ple (source) with list of mul­ti­ple dri­ves.

dstat -tdD total,sda,sdb,sdc,md1 60

----system---- -dsk/total----dsk/sda-----dsk/sdb-----dsk/sdc-----dsk/md1--
     time     | read  writ: read  writ: read  writ: read  writ: read  writ
08-11 22:08:17|3549k  277k: 144k   28k: 851k   62k: 852k   60k:  25k   82k
08-11 22:09:17|  60k  258k:1775B   15k:  13k   63k:  15k   60k:  68B   74k
08-11 22:10:17| 176k  499k:   0    14k:  41k  122k:  41k  125k: 273B  157k
08-11 22:11:17|  42k  230k:   0    14k:9830B   54k:  14k   51k:   0    70k
08-11 22:11:52|  28k  132k:   0  5032B:5266B   33k:9479B   28k:   0    37k

The vmstat com­mand

vmstat – vir­tu­al mem­o­ry sta­tis­tics – re­ports in­for­ma­tion about process­es, mem­o­ry, pag­ing, block IO, traps, disks and cpu ac­tiv­i­ty. The first re­port pro­duced gives av­er­ages since the last re­boot. Ad­di­tion­al re­ports give in­for­ma­tion on a sam­pling pe­ri­od of length de­lay. The process and mem­o­ry re­ports are in­stan­ta­neous in ei­ther case.

Here is how to get sta­tis­tics about the block de­vices – -d, in megabytes -Sm (1000000), or -SM (1048576) bytes.

sudo vmstat -d -Sm

disk-   ------------reads--------------- --------------writes--------------- ------IO-----
        total  merged   sec tors      ms    total  merged   sectors       ms    cur    sec
loop0      84       0      2554       81        0       0         0        0      0      0
loop1      84       0      2382       36        0       0         0        0      0      0
loop2      52       0       856       39        0       0         0        0      0      0
loop3      60       0       814       43        0       0         0        0      0      0
loop4      52       0       764       14        0       0         0        0      0      0
loop5     539       0     11200      240        0       0         0        0      0      0
loop6      87       0      2498      105        0       0         0        0      0      0
loop7     493       0     34854      228        0       0         0        0      0      1
sda   1284880  157343  65276608   752987  3936160 2077213 135566208  4487853      0   4123
sdc    437039  119521   4760810  2594193    96132  145500  54786232 10747453      0   3024
sdd   2614304  458294  24597746  6017154    63873 1360249  19094048  7394053      0   5798
sdb    136351    1445  34564266   329162    25383    2759  47585536  4447925      0    424
sr0       120       0      897        14        0       0         0        0      0      0
loop8      49       0      752        24        0       0         0        0      0      0
loop9      88       0     3334        42        0       0         0        0      0      0
loop10     11       0       28         0        0       0         0        0      0      0

The sar com­mand

The sar com­mand is part of the pack­age sysstat. It out­puts the con­tents of se­lect­ed cu­mu­la­tive ac­tiv­i­ty coun­ters in the  op­er­at­ing  sys­tem. The ac­tiv­i­ties are col­lect­ed by the sysstat.service. Af­ter in­stalling the pack­age we need to en­able the col­lec­tor ser­vice and wait un­til some sta­tis­tics are col­lect­ed.

sudo apt install sysstat
sudo sed -i 's/ENABLED="false"/ENABLED="true"/' /etc/default/sysstat
sudo systemctl enable --now sysstat.service

systemctl cat sysstat-collect.timer

# /lib/systemd/system/sysstat-collect.timer
# /lib/systemd/system/sysstat-collect.timer
# (C) 2014 Tomasz Torcz <tomek@pipebreaker.pl>
#
# sysstat-12.5.2 systemd unit file:
#        Activates activity collector every 10 minutes

[Unit]
Description=Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes

[Timer]
OnCalendar=*:00/10

[Install]
WantedBy=sysstat.service

sar

Linux 5.15.39-4-pve (ubuntu-lxc-pve) 	08/28/22 	_x86_64_	(24 CPU)

20:41:48     LINUX RESTART	(24 CPU)

20:50:05        CPU     %user     %nice   %system   %iowait    %steal     %idle
21:00:00        all      1.66      0.00      0.26      0.02      0.00     98.06
21:10:10        all      2.66      0.00      0.27      0.03      0.00     97.03
21:20:13        all      1.92      0.00      0.29      0.02      0.00     97.76
Average:        all      2.09      0.00      0.27      0.03      0.00     97.62

Mon­i­tor the Files Size Changes Re­cur­sive­ly

By the fol­low­ing com­mand we can mon­i­tor which are the most writ­ten files for the past 10 min­utes, larg­er than 800 Kb. This is done re­cur­sive­ly for the di­rec­to­ries /var/lib and /var/log. The out­put of the com­mand is shown at Screen 4.

sudo watch -n 3 -d \
"find /var/lib /var/log -type f -size +800k -mmin -10 -printf '%-30s \t %t %p\n' | grep -Pv '\.(gz|[0-9])$'"

Here is an ad­vanced ver­sion :) which out­puts al­so an ad­di­tion­al da­ta gen­er­at­ed by iostat:

sudo watch -n 3 -d \
"find /var/lib /var/log -type f -size +800k -mmin -10 -printf '%-30s \t %t %p\n' | grep -Pv '\.(gz|[0-9])$';
 echo;
 iostat /dev/sda2"

#Out­put

Every 3.0s: find /var/lib /var/log -type f -size +800k -mmin -10 -printf '%s \t %t %p\n'...; iostat /dev/sda2...

4362053          Mon Aug 29 08:25:15.1573410540 2022 /var/lib/redis/dump.rdb
67108864         Mon Aug 29 08:29:34.6284410810 2022 /var/lib/mysql/undo_001
3276800          Mon Aug 29 08:29:36.1604593970 2022 /var/lib/mysql/#innodb_redo/#ib_redo10127
83886080         Mon Aug 29 08:29:33.6604295080 2022 /var/lib/mysql/mysql.ibd
31459279         Mon Aug 29 08:29:34.2284362990 2022 /var/lib/mysql/binlog.005694
5242880          Mon Aug 29 08:29:33.6284291260 2022 /var/lib/mysql/SCloud/oc_authtoken.ibd
6291456          Mon Aug 29 08:29:34.6284410810 2022 /var/lib/mysql/SCloud/oc_jobs.ibd
50331648         Mon Aug 29 08:29:34.6284410810 2022 /var/lib/mysql/undo_002
79691776         Mon Aug 29 08:29:34.6284410810 2022 /var/lib/mysql/ibdata1
11873325         Mon Aug 29 08:29:01.5600457430 2022 /var/log/syslog
31441772         Mon Aug 29 08:29:08.0921238280 2022 /var/log/auth.log
1504046          Mon Aug 29 08:25:15.2373420090 2022 /var/log/redis/redis-server.log
8388608          Mon Aug 29 08:27:04.5226471030 2022 /var/log/journal/e8dsfe54457bd2f6a44344e1/user-1000.journal
33554432         Mon Aug 29 08:29:08.5241289930 2022 /var/log/journal/e8dsfe54457bd2f6a44344e1/system.journal
1183995          Mon Aug 29 08:25:17.2973666000 2022 /var/log/apache2/wiki.error.log
1170720          Mon Aug 29 08:25:17.3013666480 2022 /var/log/apache2/wiki.access.log
1166389          Mon Aug 29 08:25:14.0613279700 2022 /var/log/apache2/cloud.access.log
1243871          Mon Aug 29 08:25:13.9613267760 2022 /var/log/apache2/bg.mirror.access.log

Linux 5.15.0-46-generic (szs.space) 	08/29/22 	_x86_64_	(16 CPU)

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
           2.50    0.00    0.73    1.06    0.00   95.71

Device             tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_dscd/s    kB_read    kB_wrtn    kB_dscd
sda2             55.71       454.89       741.44       421.11   32361849   52747168   29958424

From the file sys­tem /​​​proc/​​​diskstats and /sys/block/<dev>/stat

The main pros of this ap­proach (pro­posed here) is that, you do not need any spe­cial tool. In­for­ma­tion about these files and the columns in­side them could be ob­tained at:

• Kernel​.org: Block lay­er sta­tis­tics in /sys/block/<dev>/stat
• Kernel​.org: I/O sta­tis­tics fields
• Tor­valds GitHub: Lin­ux > Docs > ad­min-guide > iostats.rst
• Tor­valds GitHub: Lin­ux > Doc­u­men­ta­tion > ABI > test­ing > procfs-diskstats

cat /sys/block/sda/stat && cat /sys/block/sda/sda2/stat

              88794 40932 3793872 122954 51212 37863 1655608 55654 0   80500 191053 0   0   0   0   17864 12444
              88553 40932 3786488 122874 51212 37863 1655608 55654 0   80452 178529 0   0   0   0   0     0
# -   -  -    1     2     3       4      5     6     7       8     9   10    11     12  13  14  15  16    17
# 1   2  3    4     5     6       4      8     9    10       11    12  13    14     15  16  17  18  19    20

cat /proc/diskstats | grep -Pw 'sda[2]?'

  8   0  sda  88794 40932 3793872 122954 51212 37863 1655608 55654 0   80500 191053 0   0   0   0   17864 12444
  8   2  sda2 88553 40932 3786488 122874 51212 37863 1655608 55654 0   80452 178529 0   0   0   0   0     0
# 1   2  3    4     5     6       4      8     9    10       11    12  13    14     15  16  17  18  19    20

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/torvalds/linux/master/Documentation/ABI/testing/procfs-diskstats

What:		/proc/diskstats
Date:		February 2008
Contact:	Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Description:
		The /proc/diskstats file displays the I/O statistics
		of block devices. Each line contains the following 14
		fields:

		==  ===================================
		 1  major number
		 2  minor mumber
		 3  device name
		 4  reads completed successfully
		 5  reads merged
		 6  sectors read
		 7  time spent reading (ms)
		 8  writes completed
		 9  writes merged
		10  sectors written
		11  time spent writing (ms)
		12  I/Os currently in progress
		13  time spent doing I/Os (ms)
		14  weighted time spent doing I/Os (ms)
		==  ===================================

		Kernel 4.18+ appends four more fields for discard
		tracking putting the total at 18:

		==  ===================================
		15  discards completed successfully
		16  discards merged
		17  sectors discarded
		18  time spent discarding
		==  ===================================

		Kernel 5.5+ appends two more fields for flush requests:

		==  =====================================
		19  flush requests completed successfully
		20  time spent flushing
		==  =====================================

		For more details refer to Documentation/admin-guide/iostats.rst

Mis­cel­la­neous

Bench­mark Tools

• io­zone – filesys­tem bench­mark – it is a filesys­tem bench­mark tool. The bench­mark gen­er­ates and mea­sures a va­ri­ety of file op­er­a­tions. io­zone has been port­ed to many ma­chines and runs un­der many op­er­at­ing sys­tems. This doc­u­ment will cov­er the many dif­fer­ent types of op­er­a­tions that are test­ed as well as cov­er­age of all of the com­mand line op­tions. Man­u­al with ex­am­ples: kongll​.github​.io/​i​ozone
• hd­parm – get/​​​set SATA/IDE de­vice pa­ra­me­ters – pro­vides a com­mand line in­ter­face to var­i­ous ker­nel in­ter­faces sup­port­ed by the Lin­ux SATA/PATA/SAS "li­ba­ta" sub­sys­tem and the old­er IDE dri­ver sub­sys­tem. Per­form read test:

sudo hdparm -tT /dev/nvme0n1

• dd – con­vert and copy a file – per­form write and read tests (re­al­ly sim­pli­fied just as a note):

dd if=/dev/zero of=./test.file bs=4096k count=4096
dd if=./test.file of=/dev/zero bs=4096k count=4096

Mon­i­tor­ing Tools

• htop [-dCFh­pustvH] – in­ter­ac­tive process view­er – It is sim­i­lar to top, but al­lows you to scroll ver­ti­cal­ly and hor­i­zon­tal­ly, and in­ter­act us­ing a point­ing de­vice (mouse). You can ob­serve all process­es run­ning on the sys­tem, along with their com­mand line ar­gu­ments, as well as view them in a tree for­mat, se­lect mul­ti­ple process­es and act­ing on them all at once. Tasks re­lat­ed to process­es (killing, renic­ing) can be done with­out en­ter­ing their PIDs.
• top [-hv|-bcEeHiOSs1 ‑d secs ‑n max ‑u|U user ‑p pids ‑o field ‑w [cols]] – dis­play Lin­ux process­es – it pro­vides a dy­nam­ic re­al-time view of a run­ning sys­tem. It can dis­play sys­tem sum­ma­ry in­for­ma­tion as well as a list of process­es or threads cur­rent­ly be­ing man­aged by the Lin­ux ker­nel. The types of sys­tem sum­ma­ry in­for­ma­tion shown and the types, or­der and size of in­for­ma­tion dis­played for process­es are all user con­fig­urable and that con­fig­u­ra­tion can be made per­sis­tent across restarts.
• atop – Ad­vanced Sys­tem & Process Mon­i­tor – The pro­gram atop is an in­ter­ac­tive mon­i­tor to view the load on a Lin­ux sys­tem. It shows the oc­cu­pa­tion of the most crit­i­cal hard­ware re­sources (from a per­for­mance point of view) on sys­tem lev­el, i.e. cpu, mem­o­ry, disk and net­work. It al­so shows which process­es are re­spon­si­ble for the in­di­cat­ed load with re­spect to cpu and mem­o­ry load on process lev­el. Disk load is shown per process if "stor­age ac­count­ing is ac­tive in the ker­nel. Net­work load is shown per process if the ker­nel mod­ule ne­tatop has been in­stalled. Home page: atoptool​.nl.

Ref­er­ences

• Htop: GitHub | Home page [htop]
• Unix and Lin­ux: How can I mon­i­tor disk I/O? [sar, iostat, iotop]
• Unix and Lin­ux: How do I mea­sure to­tal disk I/O per hour? [dstat, iostat]
• Prox­mox Fo­rum: Disk pre­vent from spin­ning down be­cause of pves­tatd [dstat]
• Tech­Mint: Iotop – Mon­i­tor Lin­ux Disk I/O Ac­tiv­i­ty and Us­age Per-Process Ba­sis
• PVE HDD Sleep (Sus­pend)
• Pre­load Tool for Bet­ter Sys­tem Per­for­mance
• Lin­ux Swap and Swap­file

Reg­is­ter: Lin­ux Serv­er

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